coreutils commands: move pages to common/ folder (#2442)

pages/common/b2sum.md

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+# b2sum
+
+> Calculate BLAKE2 cryptographic checksums.
+
+- Calculate the BLAKE2 checksum for a file:
+
+`b2sum {{filename1}}`
+
+- Calculate BLAKE2 checksums for multiple files:
+
+`b2sum {{filename1}} {{filename2}}`
+
+- Read a file of BLAKE2 sums and filenames and verify all files have matching checksums:
+
+`b2sum -c {{filename.b2}}`
+
+- Calculate the BLAKE2 checksum from stdin:
+
+`{{somecommand}} | shasum`

pages/common/chroot.md

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+# chroot
+
+> Run command or interactive shell with special root directory.
+
+- Run command as new root directory:
+
+`chroot {{/path/to/new/root}} {{command}}`
+
+- Specify user and group (ID or name) to use:
+
+`chroot --userspec={{user:group}}`

pages/common/date.md

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+# date
+
+> Set or display the system date.
+
+- Display the current date using the default locale's format:
+
+`date +"%c"`
+
+- Display the current date in UTC and ISO 8601 format:
+
+`date -u +"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"`
+
+- Display the current date as a Unix timestamp (seconds since the Unix epoch):
+
+`date +%s`
+
+- Display a specific date (represented as a Unix timestamp) using the default format:
+
+`date -d @1473305798`

pages/common/dd.md

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+# dd
+
+> Convert and copy a file.
+
+- Make a bootable usb drive from an isohybrid file (such like archlinux-xxx.iso) and show the progress:
+
+`dd if={{file.iso}} of=/dev/{{usb_drive}} status=progress`
+
+- Clone a drive to another drive with 4MB block, ignore error and show progress:
+
+`dd if=/dev/{{source_drive}} of=/dev/{{dest_drive}} bs=4M conv=noerror status=progress`
+
+- Generate a file of 100 random bytes by using kernel random driver:
+
+`dd if=/dev/urandom of={{random_file}} bs=100 count=1`
+
+- Benchmark the write performance of a disk:
+
+`dd if=/dev/zero of={{file_1GB}} bs=1024 count=1000000`
+
+- Check progress of an ongoing dd operation (Run this command from another shell):
+
+`kill -USR1 $(pgrep ^dd)`

pages/common/dircolors.md

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+# dircolors
+
+> Output commands to set the LS_COLOR environment variable and style `ls`, `dir`, etc.
+
+- Output commands to set LS_COLOR using default colors:
+
+`dircolors`
+
+- Output commands to set LS_COLOR using colors from a file:
+
+`dircolors {{file}}`
+
+- Output commands for Bourne shell:
+
+`dircolors --bourne-shell`
+
+- Output commands for C shell:
+
+`dircolors --c-shell`
+
+- View the default colors for file types and extensions:
+
+`dircolors --print-data`

pages/common/dirname.md

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+# dirname
+
+> Calculates the parent directory of a given file or directory path.
+
+- Calculate the parent directory of a given path:
+
+`dirname {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
+
+- Calculate the parent directory of multiple paths:
+
+`dirname {{path/to/file_a}} {{path/to/directory_b}}`
+
+- Delimit output with a NUL character instead of a newline (useful when combining with `xargs`):
+
+`dirname --zero {{path/to/directory_a}} {{path/to/file_b}}`

pages/common/du.md

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+# du
+
+> Disk usage: estimate and summarize file and folder space usage.
+
+- List the sizes of a folder and any subfolders, in the given unit (B/KB/MB):
+
+`du -{{b|k|m}} {{path/to/folder}}`
+
+- List the sizes of a folder and any subfolders, in human-readable form (i.e. auto-selecting the appropriate unit for each size):
+
+`du -h {{path/to/folder}}`
+
+- Show the size of a single folder, in human readable units:
+
+`du -sh {{path/to/folder}}`
+
+- List the human-readable sizes of a folder and of all the files and folders within it:
+
+`du -ah {{path/to/folder}}`
+
+- List the human-readable sizes of a folder and any subfolders, up to N levels deep:
+
+`du -h --max-depth=N {{path/to/folder}}`
+
+- List the human-readable size of all .jpg files in subfolders of the current folder, and show a cumulative total at the end:
+
+`du -ch */*.jpg`

pages/common/expand.md

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+# expand
+
+> Convert tabs to spaces.
+
+- Convert tabs in each file to spaces, writing to standard output:
+
+`expand {{file}}`
+
+- Convert tabs to spaces, reading from standard input:
+
+`expand`
+
+- Do not convert tabs after non blanks:
+
+`expand -i {{file}}`
+
+- Have tabs a certain number of characters apart, not 8:
+
+`expand -t={{number}} {{file}}`
+
+- Use comma separated list of explicit tab positions:
+
+`expand -t={{list}}`

pages/common/expr.md

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+# expr
+
+> Evaluate expressions and manipulate strings.
+
+- Get string length:
+
+`expr length {{string}}`
+
+- Evaluate logical or math expression with an operator ('+', '-', '*', '&', '|', etc.). Special symbols should be escaped:
+
+`expr {{first_argument}} {{operator}} {{second_argument}}`
+
+- Get position of the first character in 'string' that matches 'substring':
+
+`echo $(expr index {{string}} {{substring}})`
+
+- Extract part of the string:
+
+`echo $(expr substr {{string}} {{position_to_start}} {{number_of_characters}}`
+
+- Extract part of the string which matches a regular expression:
+
+`echo $(expr {{string}} : '\({{regular_expression}}\)')`

pages/common/factor.md

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+# factor
+
+> Prints the prime factorization of a number.
+
+- Display the prime-factorization of a number:
+
+`factor {{number}}`
+
+- Take the input from stdin if no argument is specified:
+
+`echo {{number}} | factor`

pages/common/head.md

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+# head
+
+> Output the first part of files.
+
+- Output the first few lines of a file:
+
+`head -n {{count_of_lines}} {{filename}}`
+
+- Output the first few bytes of a file:
+
+`head -c {{size_in_bytes}} {{filename}}`
+
+- Output everything but the last few lines of a file:
+
+`head -n -{{count_of_lines}} {{filename}}`
+
+- Output everything but the last few bytes of a file:
+
+`head -c -{{size_in_bytes}} {{filename}}`

pages/common/hostid.md

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+# hostid
+
+> Prints the numeric identifier for the current host (not necessarily the IP address).
+
+- Display the numeric identifier for the current host in hexadecimal:
+
+`hostid`

pages/common/link.md

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+# link
+
+> Create a hard link to an existing file.
+> For more options, see the `ln` command.
+
+- Create a hard link from a new file to an existing file:
+
+`link {{path/to/existing_file}} {{path/to/new_file}}`

pages/common/logname.md

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+# logname 
+
+> Shows the user's login name.
+
+- Display the currently logged in user's name:
+
+`logname`

pages/common/md5sum.md

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+# md5sum
+
+> Calculate MD5 cryptographic checksums.
+
+- Calculate the MD5 checksum for a file:
+
+`md5sum {{filename1}}`
+
+- Calculate MD5 checksums for multiple files:
+
+`md5sum {{filename1}} {{filename2}}`
+
+- Read a file of MD5SUMs and verify all files have matching checksums:
+
+`md5sum -c {{filename.md5}}`

pages/common/nl.md

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+# nl
+
+> A utility for numbering lines, either from a file, or from standard input.
+
+- Number non-blank lines in a file:
+
+`nl {{file}}`
+
+- Read from standard output:
+
+`cat {{file}} | nl {{options}} -`
+
+- Number only the lines with printable text:
+
+`nl -t {{file}}`
+
+- Number all lines including blank lines:
+
+`nl -b a {{file}}`
+
+- Number only the body lines that match a basic regular expression (BRE) pattern:
+
+`nl -b p'FooBar[0-9]' {{file}}`

pages/common/nproc.md

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+# nproc
+
+> Print the number of processing units (normally CPUs) available.
+
+- Display the number of available processing units:
+
+`nproc`
+
+- Display the number of installed processing units, including any inactive ones:
+
+`nproc --all`
+
+- If possible, subtract a given number of units from the returned value:
+
+`nproc --ignore {{count}}`

pages/common/numfmt.md

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+# numfmt
+
+> Convert numbers to and from human-readable strings.
+
+- Convert 1.5K (SI Units) to 1500:
+
+`numfmt --from={{si}} {{1.5K}}`
+
+- Convert 5th field (1-indexed) to IEC Units without converting header:
+
+`ls -l | numfmt --header={{1}} --field={{5}} --to={{iec}}`
+
+- Convert to IEC units, pad with 5 characters, left aligned:
+
+`du -s * | numfmt --to={{iec}} --format={{"%-5f"}}`

pages/common/pinky.md

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+# pinky
+
+> Print user information using the `finger` protocol.
+
+- Display details about the current user:
+
+`pinky`
+
+- Display details for a specific user:
+
+`pinky {{user}}`
+
+- Display details in the long format:
+
+`pinky {{user}} -l`
+
+- Omit the user's home directory and shell in long format:
+
+`pinky {{user}} -lb`
+
+- Omit the user's project file in long format:
+
+`pinky {{user}} -lh`
+
+- Omit the column headings in short format:
+
+`pinky {{user}} -f`

pages/common/printenv.md

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+# printenv 
+
+> Print values of all or specific environment variables.
+
+- Display key-value pairs of all environment variables:
+
+`printenv`
+
+- Display the value of a specific variable:
+
+`printenv {{HOME}}`
+
+- Display the value of a variable and end with NUL instead of newline:
+
+`printenv --null {{HOME}}`

pages/common/realpath.md

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+# realpath
+
+> Display the resolved absolute path for a file or directory.
+
+- Display the absolute path for a file or directory:
+
+`realpath {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
+
+- Require all path components to exist:
+
+`realpath --canonicalize-existing {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
+
+- Resolve ".." components before symlinks:
+
+`realpath --logical {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
+
+- Disable symlink expansion:
+
+`realpath --no-symlinks {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
+
+- Suppress error messages:
+
+`realpath --quiet {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`

pages/common/sha1sum.md

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+# sha1sum
+
+> Calculate SHA1 cryptographic checksums.
+
+- Calculate the SHA1 checksum for a file:
+
+`sha1sum {{filename1}}`
+
+- Calculate SHA1 checksums for multiple files:
+
+`sha1sum {{filename1}} {{filename2}}`
+
+- Read a file of SHA1 sums and verify all files have matching checksums:
+
+`sha1sum -c {{filename.sha1}}`

pages/common/sha224sum.md

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+# sha224sum
+
+> Calculate SHA224 cryptographic checksums.
+
+- Calculate the SHA224 checksum for a file:
+
+`sha224sum {{filename1}}`
+
+- Calculate SHA224 checksums for multiple files:
+
+`sha224sum {{filename1}} {{filename2}}`
+
+- Read a file of SHA224 sums and verify all files have matching checksums:
+
+`sha224sum -c {{filename.sha224}}`

pages/common/sha256sum.md

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+# sha256sum
+
+> Calculate SHA256 cryptographic checksums.
+
+- Calculate the SHA256 checksum for a file:
+
+`sha256sum {{filename1}}`
+
+- Calculate SHA256 checksums for multiple files:
+
+`sha256sum {{filename1}} {{filename2}}`
+
+- Read a file of SHA256 sums and verify all files have matching checksums:
+
+`sha256sum -c {{filename.sha256}}`

pages/common/sha384sum.md

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+# sha384sum
+
+> Calculate SHA384 cryptographic checksums.
+
+- Calculate the SHA384 checksum for a file:
+
+`sha384sum {{filename1}}`
+
+- Calculate SHA384 checksums for multiple files:
+
+`sha384sum {{filename1}} {{filename2}}`
+
+- Read a file of SHA384 sums and verify all files have matching checksums:
+
+`sha384sum -c {{filename.sha384}}`

pages/common/sha512sum.md

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+# sha512sum
+
+> Calculate SHA512 cryptographic checksums.
+
+- Calculate the SHA512 checksum for a file:
+
+`sha512sum {{filename1}}`
+
+- Calculate SHA512 checksums for multiple files:
+
+`sha512sum {{filename1}} {{filename2}}`
+
+- Read a file of SHA512 sums and verify all files have matching checksums:
+
+`sha512sum -c {{filename.sha512}}`

pages/common/shuf.md

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+# shuf
+
+> Generate random permutations.
+
+- Randomize the order of lines in a file and output the result:
+
+`shuf {{filename}}`
+
+- Only output the first 5 entries of the result:
+
+`shuf -n {{5}} {{filename}}`
+
+- Write the output to another file:
+
+`shuf {{filename}} -o {{output_filename}}`
+
+- Generate random numbers in range:
+
+`shuf -i {{1-10}}`

pages/common/sort.md

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 - Sort a file preserving only unique lines:
 
 `sort -u {{filename}}`
+
+- Sort human-readable numbers (in this case the 5th field of `ls -lh`):
+
+`ls -lh | sort -h -k 5`

pages/common/stat.md

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+# stat
+
+> Display file and filesystem information.
+
+- Show file properties such as size, permissions, creation and access dates among others:
+
+`stat {{file}}`
+
+- Same as above but in a more concise way:
+
+`stat -t {{file}}`
+
+- Show filesystem information:
+
+`stat -f {{file}}`
+
+- Show only octal file permissions:
+
+`stat -c "%a %n" {{file}}`
+
+- Show owner and group of the file:
+
+`stat -c "%U %G" {{file}}`
+
+- Show the size of the file in bytes:
+
+`stat -c "%s %n" {{file}}`

pages/common/stty.md

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+# stty
+
+> Set options for a terminal device interface.
+
+- Display all settings for the current terminal:
+
+`stty -a`
+
+- Set the number of rows:
+
+`stty rows {{rows}}`
+
+- Set the number of columns:
+
+`stty cols {{cols}}`
+
+- Get the actual transfer speed of a device:
+
+`stty -f {{path/to/device_file}} speed`
+
+- Reset all modes to reasonable values for the current terminal:
+
+`stty sane`

pages/common/timeout.md

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+# timeout
+
+> Run a command with a time limit.
+
+- Run `sleep 10` and kill it, if it's running after 3 seconds:
+
+`timeout {{3s}} {{sleep 10}}`
+
+- Specify the signal to be sent to the command after the time limit expires. (By default, TERM is sent):
+
+`timeout --signal {{INT}} {{5s}} {{sleep 10}}`

pages/common/truncate.md

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+# truncate
+
+> Shrink or extend the size of a file to the specified size.
+
+- Set a size of 10 GB to an exsting file, or create a new file with the specified size:
+
+`truncate -s {{10G}} {{filename}}`
+
+- Extend the file size by 50M, fill with holes (which reads as zero bytes):
+
+`truncate -s +{{50M}} {{filename}}`
+
+- Shrink the file by 2GiB, by removing data from the end of file:
+
+`truncate -s -{{2G}} {{filename}`

pages/common/uname.md

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+# uname
+
+> Print details about the current machine and the operating system running on it.
+> Note: for additional information about the operating system, try the `lsb_release` command.
+
+- Print hardware-related information: machine and processor:
+
+`uname -mp`
+
+- Print software-related information: operating system, release number, and version:
+
+`uname -srv`
+
+- Print the nodename (hostname) of the system:
+
+`uname -n`
+
+- Print all available system information (hardware, software, nodename):
+
+`uname -a`

pages/common/unexpand.md

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+# unexpand
+
+> Convert spaces to tabs.
+
+- Convert blanks in each file to tabs, writing to standard output:
+
+`unexpand {{file}}`
+
+- Convert blanks to tabs, reading from standard output:
+
+`unexpand`
+
+- Convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks:
+
+`unexpand -a {{file}}`
+
+- Convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a):
+
+`unexpand --first-only {{file}}`
+
+- Have tabs a certain number of characters apart, not 8 (enables -a):
+
+`unexpand -t {{number}} {{file}}`

pages/common/users.md

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+# users
+
+> Display a list of logged in users.
+
+- Display a list of logged in users:
+
+`users`
+
+- Display a list of logged in users according to a specific file:
+
+`users {{/var/log/wmtp}}`